Classification Of Position Detection Devices Of CNC Machine Tools
For different types of CNC machine tools, the following different detection methods can be used due to different working conditions and detection requirements.
1. Incremental and absolute detection methods
The incremental detection method only measures the displacement increment, and uses the satisfactory number of numbers to represent the number of unit displacement (the minimum set unit), and sends a measurement signal every time a measurement unit is moved. The advantage is that the detection device is relatively simple, and any centering point can be used as the measurement starting point. But in this system, the shift distance is read out after accumulating the measurement signal. If the accumulation is wrong, the subsequent measurement results will be all wrong. In addition, when a fault occurs (such as power failure), the correct position before the accident cannot be found. After the accident is eliminated, the workbench must be moved to the starting point and counted again to find the correct position before the accident. Pulse encoders, resolvers, inductive synchronizers, gratings, magnetic gratings, laser interferometers, etc. are all incremental detection devices.
The absolute detection method measures the absolute coordinate position value of the component under test in an absolute coordinate system, and it is expressed as a binary or decimal digital signal. Generally, it must be converted into a pulse digital signal before it can be sent for comparison and comparison. show. In this way, the higher the resolution requirement is, the more complicated the structure is. Absolute pulse encoder discs, three-speed absolute encoder discs (also known as multi-cycle absolute encoder discs), etc. all have absolute detection devices.
2. Digital and analog detection methods
The numerical control detection method is to quantify the measured unit and then represent it in digital form. The measurement signal is generally an electric pulse, which can be directly sent to the numerical control system for comparison and processing. Such detection devices include pulse encoders and gratings. Digital inspection has the following three characteristics.
- (1) The measured number is converted into the number of pulses, which is convenient for Display and self-care;
- (2) The measurement accuracy depends on the measurement unit, which is basically irrelevant to the range, but there is a cumulative error error;
- (3) The detection device is relatively simple, and the anti-interference ability of the pulse signal is strong.
The analog detection method is to represent the measured variable, such as the amplitude change of the voltage, the phase change and so on. When a large number of accurate analog inspections are performed, there are higher requirements for technology. Analog inspections in CNC machine tools are mainly used for small-scale measurement. Analog detection devices include hole generators, resolvers, induction synchronizers and magnetic rulers. The main features of analog detection are as follows.
- (1) Directly detect the measurand without quantification;
- (2) High-precision measurement can be achieved in a small range;
- (3) Direct detection and indirect detection are possible.
3. Direct and indirect measurements
1) Direct measurement
Direct measurement is to install the detection device directly on the execution part, such as grating, induction synchronizer, etc., to directly measure the linear displacement of the worktable, and the position detection device is installed on the execution part (ie the end piece) to directly measure the end of the execution part. The linear displacement or angular displacement of the parts can form a closed-loop feed servo system. The measurement methods include linear gratings, linear induction synchronizers, magnetic gratings, laser interferometers, etc. to measure the linear displacement of the executive components; The detection device measures the linear displacement of the machine tool. Therefore, the advantage is that it directly reflects the linear displacement of the worktable. The disadvantage is that the detection device and the stroke are required to be the same length.
2) Indirect measurement
The indirect measurement device is to install the detection device on the ball screw or drive motor shaft, and indirectly measure the linear displacement of the executive member by detecting the angular displacement of the rotating part.
The position detection device is installed on the transmission element or the drive motor shaft in front of the actuator to measure its angular displacement. After the transmission ratio is transformed, the linear displacement of the actuator can be obtained, which can constitute a blue closed-loop servo feed system. If the pulse encoder is installed on the motor shaft. Indirect measurement is reliable and convenient to use, and has no length limit; its disadvantage is that the transmission chain error of linear transformation into rotary motion is added to the detection signal, thereby affecting the measurement accuracy. Generally, it is necessary to compensate the transmission error of the CNC machine tool in order to improve the positioning accuracy.
In addition to the above position detection devices, the servo system often also includes components for detecting speed to detect and adjust the rotational speed of the engine. A commonly used hole element is a tachometer.
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